Recognition of Neighbors by Associative Learning in Rufous-sided Towhees

ABSTR•1⁄2T.--Previous demonstrations of neighbor vs. non-neighbor discrimination in territorial male passerines have not permitted separation of habituation from associative learning as the basis of the response differences. A few male Rufous-sided Towbees (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) sing unusual songs resembling those of Carolina Wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus), yet are able to defend territories. Tape recordings of the unusual songs were played back to the neighbors of an imitator and to non-neighboring birds. The neighbors responded strongly and the non-neighbors responded very weakly. This stronger response by neighbors to an unusual song demonstrates the importance of associative learning in individual recognition. Received 23 June 1978, accepted 23 April 1979.